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The deployment sits within Hainan’s free-trade zone, where China has relaxed regulations to allow full foreign ownership of data center and telecom operations. The project supports Hainan’s push to become a maritime and tech innovation hub, integrating marine science, digital services, and offshore infrastructure.
China’s Hainan underwater data center is a monumental experiment—one embedded with technological ambition, sustainability goals, and geopolitical strategy. While challenges abound—from marine maintenance to cost structures—the potential upside in cooling efficiency, infrastructure scalability, and carbon reduction is profound.
It is regarded as a special area for China to comprehensively deepen economic reform and experiment with the highest level of opening-up policies. Hainan Free Trade Port is not a seaport in the usual sense, but the entire Hainan Island is regarded as a special economic development area.
The "Notice on Preferential Corporate Income Tax Policies for Hainan Free Trade Port" proposed that enterprises in encouraged industries registered and operated in Hainan Free Trade Port shall be subject to a reduced corporate income tax rate of 15%.
* China's Hainan Free Trade Port (FTP) will officially launch an island-wide independent customs operation on Dec. 18, 2025, which marks the anniversary of the milestone Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee in 1978 that ushered in the reform and opening-up, underscores China's unwavering commitment to high-standard opening-up.
On June 10, 2021, the 29th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress passed the Hainan Free Trade Port Law of the People's Republic of China, which determined to establish and improve the Hainan Free Trade Port customs supervision special zone system with closed-off customs operations on the entire island.
With a zero-tariff system fundamentally in place after the independent customs operation, high-quality global resources can flow into Hainan with greater freedom and efficiency, Wu said. Trade liberalization and facilitation are defining features of a free trade port.
An aerial drone photo shows a duty-free shopping mall in Sanya, South China's Hainan province, May 29, 2025. [Photo/Xinhua] The Hainan Free Trade Port will launch island-wide independent customs operations on Dec 18, a key step in transforming the tropical island into a globally significant free trade hub, a senior official announced Wednesday.
To enhance the use of solar energy resources in Uzbekistan, we recommend the government consider incorporating, as appropriate, all measures listed in the roadmap into its solar energy strategy toward 2030 and beyond. BNEF (Bloomberg New Energy Finance) (2019), Industrial Heat: Deep Decarbonization Opportunities.
It outlines the sustainable energy environment solar energy could deliver and offers a timeline up to 2030. In this vision, Uzbekistan succeeds in maximising the benefits of solar energy capacity for both electricity and heat, making solar energy one of the country’s major energy sources.
The policy and regulatory frameworks enabling further solar energy deployment in Uzbekistan. Increasing power system flexibility to integrate the increasing amount of solar generation. Finally, the recommended actions are a co-ordinated package of measures to implement to make solar energy the key energy source in Uzbekistan in 2030 and beyond.
Nevertheless, a more comprehensive set of policies and support mechanisms will be required to reach Uzbekistan’s maximum capacity of solar energy and further increase solar energy toward 2030. The government should consider bundling the range of actions needed to ensure the use of all types of solar energy resources.
Due to the wide range of BESS capabilities as mentioned above, Korean power system plans to provision BESS to relieve generation curtailment and to provide FR service in the short-term applications, and to maintain frequency stability by providing FFR service in a low-inertia system for the long-term applications.
Market mechanism Korea's BESS sector has experienced significant growth, with an installed capacity of 1.6 GW at the end of 2019 (Yoen, 2022). Despite initial economic challenges, government policies have driven BESS market expansion by fostering technology development and policy initiatives.
In total, 14 companies were involved, including HD Hyundai Electric, Hyosung Heavy Industries, LS Electric, Samsung SDI, LG Energy Solution, and others. HD Hyundai Electric announced the completion and start of operation of its 336MW BESS for the utility a couple of months ago.
(Li et al., 2023) BESS utilize several types of battery technologies, including Li-ion, lead-acid, redox flow, sodium-sulphur, zinc-bromine flow batteries, and solid-state batteries, with new ones continuously being introduced (Rahman, 2020).
