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The deployment sits within Hainan’s free-trade zone, where China has relaxed regulations to allow full foreign ownership of data center and telecom operations. The project supports Hainan’s push to become a maritime and tech innovation hub, integrating marine science, digital services, and offshore infrastructure.
China’s Hainan underwater data center is a monumental experiment—one embedded with technological ambition, sustainability goals, and geopolitical strategy. While challenges abound—from marine maintenance to cost structures—the potential upside in cooling efficiency, infrastructure scalability, and carbon reduction is profound.
It is regarded as a special area for China to comprehensively deepen economic reform and experiment with the highest level of opening-up policies. Hainan Free Trade Port is not a seaport in the usual sense, but the entire Hainan Island is regarded as a special economic development area.
The "Notice on Preferential Corporate Income Tax Policies for Hainan Free Trade Port" proposed that enterprises in encouraged industries registered and operated in Hainan Free Trade Port shall be subject to a reduced corporate income tax rate of 15%.
Due to the wide range of BESS capabilities as mentioned above, Korean power system plans to provision BESS to relieve generation curtailment and to provide FR service in the short-term applications, and to maintain frequency stability by providing FFR service in a low-inertia system for the long-term applications.
Market mechanism Korea's BESS sector has experienced significant growth, with an installed capacity of 1.6 GW at the end of 2019 (Yoen, 2022). Despite initial economic challenges, government policies have driven BESS market expansion by fostering technology development and policy initiatives.
In total, 14 companies were involved, including HD Hyundai Electric, Hyosung Heavy Industries, LS Electric, Samsung SDI, LG Energy Solution, and others. HD Hyundai Electric announced the completion and start of operation of its 336MW BESS for the utility a couple of months ago.
(Li et al., 2023) BESS utilize several types of battery technologies, including Li-ion, lead-acid, redox flow, sodium-sulphur, zinc-bromine flow batteries, and solid-state batteries, with new ones continuously being introduced (Rahman, 2020).
